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練習一
英譯漢原文：
The culture of any society is usually thought to be of two kinds: material and nonmaterial. Material culture includes the man-made phenomena which have physical properties such as height, breadth, and weight. A boat, a machine, a house—all these objects are part of the material culture. The nonmaterial culture is that portion of the environment which surrounds man and which has an impact on his behavior but which lacks these material properties: values, beliefs, traditions, and all the other habits and ideas invented and acquired by man as a member of society.
Contemporary sociological theory tends to assign primary importance to the nonmaterial culture in choosing problems for study. It assumes, for example, that boats, planes, automobiles, and so forth, are not nearly so important as the traditions we have developed which make their manufacture possible—indeed, which prescribe how we are to use them. The emphasis of contemporary sociology is to insist that the material culture would not exist had not the nonmaterial culture first been available to suggest the ideas which are embodied in the inventions of material culture.
參考譯文：
人們通常認為任何社會的文化均分為兩種： 物質文化和非物質文化。 // 物質文化包括具有高度、寬度和重量等屬性的人為現象。 // 船只、機器、房屋――所有 這些東西都被認為是物質文化的一部分。 // 非物質文化則是人類所處環境的一部分，對人類的行為有著影響， 但缺乏這些 / 上述物質屬性： （非物質文化是指） 人作為社會一員所創立和獲得的價值觀、信仰、準則、傳統及一切其他習慣和思想。
當代社會學理念選擇要研究的問題時，往往以非物質文化為主。// 例如，社會學理論認為船只、飛機、汽車等等，其重要性遠不及人們為制造這些東西――更確切地說是為規定其使用方法――而形成的傳統。 // 當代社會學所強調的是，要不是先有了孕育發明物質文化想法的非物質文化，物質文化就不會存在。
練習二
英譯漢原文：
There is a growing number of economists who believe today's brutally tough labor market is not a temporary American oddity. Falling wages, reduced benefits and rising job insecurity seem to be increasingly entrenched features of the job scene across most of Western Europe, the United States and other parts of the developed world. The number of insecure freelance positions is rising (as are working hours) while stable jobs with good benefits are being cut. Laid-off workers are much less likely to be rehired by their old companies and have to find new jobs or turn to self-employment. Those who still have jobs are working longer hours with little prospect of meaningful raises.
The new labor market is shaped by growing global competition, spurred by the rise of cheap manufacturers in China, India and Eastern Europe, and the price-chopping effect of both the Internet and giant retailers led by Wal-Mart. These forces compel Western companies to exercise a growing restraint on prices and labor cost. One thing globalization clearly does is to exert a leveling effect on wages.
參考譯文：
越來越多的經濟學家認為當今美國勞動力市場競爭異常殘酷激烈，這不只是一時的怪現狀。在大多西歐國家、美國及其他發達國家，降薪、福利削減、工作穩定性下降似乎已經成為就業市場越來越難以改變的痼疾。不穩定的自由職業崗位增多（工作時間同樣延長），而穩定福利好的工作機會減少。工人失業后被他們的舊東家重聘的可能性越來越小，他們不得不找份新工作或者自己創業。而那些尚留在工作崗位上的人員工作時間加長，然而他們加薪前景微乎其微。
新的全球勞動力市場正受到各種因素的影響。日益激烈的全球競爭，中國、印度和東歐勞動力價格低廉的制造業的發展，零售業巨頭沃爾瑪以及互聯網銷售帶來的降價沖擊——這些因素迫使歐美公司增強了對價格和勞動力成本的控制。全球化帶來的一個顯著變化就是薪水的平均化。
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