久久精品视频亚洲_黄色成人在线免费_成人免费在线视频网址_91精品国产沙发_日韩国产一区三区_精品久久久av_美女扒开尿口让男人操亚洲视频网站_国产精品成人免费视频_国产成人精品久久久_久久精品国产亚洲_欧美国产日韩xxxxx_91在线免费看网站_**欧美日韩vr在线_日韩欧美一区二区在线_国产一区二区三区视频免费_中文字幕一区二区三区电影

Saq第二篇

出自the economist

Consent 2.0

A better way of signing up for studies of your genes

IN AN age where people promiscuously post personal data on the web and regularly click “I agree” to reams of legalese they have never read, news of yet another electronic consent form. might seem like a big yawn. But for the future of genomics-related research the Portable Legal Consent, to be announced shortly by Sage Bionetworks, a non-profit research organisation based in Seattle, is anything but mundane. Indeed, by reversing the normal way consent to use personal data is acquired from patients in clinical trials, it could spell a new relationship between scientists and the human subjects of their research, with potential benefits that extend well beyond genomics.

Share and enjoy

The heart of Portable Legal Consent is the notion that anyone who signs up for a clinical trial, or simply has his genome read in order to anticipate the risk of disease, should easily be able to share his genomic and health data not just with that research group or company, but with all scientists who are prepared in turn to accept some sensible rules about how they may use the data. The main one of these is that the results of investigations which include such “open source” data must, themselves, be freely and publicly available. In much the same vein as the open-source-software movement, the purpose of this is to increase the long-term value of the data, by allowing them to be reused in ways that may not even have been conceived of at the time they were collected.

That approach contrasts with today's system of secretive data silos for particular studies of specific diseases. Patients sometimes discover that they have even signed away their rights to see their own data.

That may serve the narrow interests of a research group or drug company intent on keeping competitors at bay. But the potential of genomic data to provide further insights, perhaps in completely novel contexts, is huge—especially when correlated with a person's medical record. Also, teasing out correlations between particular genotypes and diseases in a statistically meaningful way requires large sets of data; the larger the set, the more believable the correlations. Portable Legal Consent brings the promise of very large data sets indeed.

Even for academia and industry, these benefits should eventually outweigh the short-term drawbacks of sharing. Indeed, according to John Wilbanks, the creator of Portable Legal Consent, representatives of several drug companies have expressed enthusiasm about Sage Bionetworks' approach. And appealing features, such as so-called syndicating technology, which automatically informs both researchers and volunteers about new data relevant to a specific drug or disease, should reduce the resistance of individual researchers to the loss of control of what they used to think of as their own data.

Of course, sharing in this open-ended way carries risks. The data involved are “de-identified”—meaning they cannot immediately be traced to a specific individual. But as Mr Wilbanks notes, this is not a foolproof guarantee of anonymity.

Data shared might, for example, be traced back to their owner by sophisticated search algorithms. Or some malevolent hacker might expose them to the world. Those squeamish about sharing their personal information should probably not sign the consent form, Mr Wilbanks counsels. But those who believe the benefit of doing so—accelerating the pace of medical research—outweighs the risks can start to pool their own data next month on a special website: weconsent.us.

To make sure consent is truly informed, Mr Wilbanks and his team have gone to great lengths to explain the consequences to signatories. There is an online tutorial that cannot be bypassed. Uploaded information may be removed from the database on request, at any time, but the provider is clearly warned that it may have already found its way into places from which it cannot be erased.

Sage Bionetworks hopes 25,000 people will sign up in the first year, either because trial organisers choose to adopt the protocol or volunteers insist on it. But to be really useful, the database would need to grow to ten or 100 times this size. Mr Wilbanks has therefore started discussions with several firms that offer commercial genetic tests for a range of diseases. It is also linking up with PatientsLikeMe, an organisation that helps almost 150,000 people find those with similar illnesses, in order to share their experiences.

Are we all agreed?

So far, the Portable Legal Consent is valid only in America, although Sage Bionetworks is looking at ways of adapting it to fit the legal frameworks of China and the European Union. How quickly the idea will catch on remains to be seen. But if it does, other sorts of researchers who rely on gathering personal data—for example in sociology or in tracking energy use in homes—may find it attractive. And that would enable research of a sort that is now impossible, by opening up the field of quantifiable social science.

• 上一篇：20120916高級口譯考試英譯漢文本 參考
• 下一篇：20120916高級口譯考試閱讀saq第一篇文本