| 高級口譯閱讀Multiple Choice解題技巧 | |||
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高級口譯閱讀解題技巧
陸妍娉
閱讀理解題是由文章，題干和答案三個部分構成，在對外刊文章的行文思路，外刊詞匯有一定積累的基礎上，通過正確的方法有效率的讀文章，就可以準確地根據原文的信息有效地解答閱讀理解題。許多同學拿到高口的multiple choice感到時間緊張，沒有時間看完文章，做題稀里糊涂，完全憑感覺。其實高口的閱讀做題在題型上大有文章。我們不妨將高口的閱讀理解題大體上分為兩種題型，通過這個角度來體會正確的解題方法和思路。
一、細節題型
之所以把細節題放在最前面，因為高口的細節題只有兩種，詞匯詞組題，和“NOT TRUE”題。除了這兩種之外的任何題型都是主旨題。細節題只能而且必須回到原文，看懂后作答。
首先，關于詞匯詞組題，詞匯是閱讀的基本要素之一，增加詞匯量是提高閱讀速度和閱讀理解能力的重要因素，對于高口學員我們要求詞匯量在8000-10000左右。在中高口中，詞義推斷題大量出現，這些題有一個共同特點，即無論考生詞還是熟詞，考察的均是單詞或詞組在上下文中的意思，幾乎所有的答案都可以通過上下文來猜測和分析。例如：
Anthropologists, learned scientists who devote their lives to the study of man as a member of the animal kingdom, have taken these bones and they have been able to reconstruct our earlier ancestors with a fair degree of accuracy.
A, biologist
B, psychologist
C, specialist studying science of human being
D, specialist studying human’s nature
Anthropologists這個單詞對于絕大多數同學來說比較陌生，但是緊跟這個詞之后，文章立馬給出了同位語，learned scientists who devote their lives to the study of man as a member of the animal kingdom, 從而我們得知，答案應該選C。
這類題型考生要善于分析句型結構。并且學會把備選答案代入原文進行排除。
我們再看NOT TRUE題型，遇到這類考題，部分考生會選擇放棄，原因是這類題型選項過長，而且答案會散落在全文的各個角落。建議大家這類題型放到最后去看，并且根據各個選項中的不同的關鍵詞去定位答案，同時排除錯誤選項。
二、主題題型
主題題型，顧名思義，是要求考生找到一篇文章的中心思想。主題題型出題的形式主要有5種：
1， What is the main idea/point/arguement of this passage?文章主旨題
2， What can you infer from passage?推斷題
3， What does the author mean by saying “…”? 句意理解題
4， According to the passage, why does the author mention “…”?例子功能題
5， The attitude of the author toward sth. is …態度題
解決這種題目的關鍵，就是判別全文的主題，找到全篇文章的主題句，搞清楚文章主旨。
高級口譯閱讀文章全文的主題句一般出現在兩個位置的可能性最大，第一段或者第二段的開頭，少數文章會到第三段才出現主題句。如果文章屬于報紙新聞類題材，它的要旨就是要向讀者交待他們急于想知道的信息，這通常會在新聞的第一段中寫出來。而雜志相比起報紙新聞，更加注重語言的藝術性，所以多用描述性的句子開頭，主題往往出現在第二段的開頭或者更后。因此做對主旨題，文章不需要全部看完，但是第一段到第三段必須看懂，直至出現文章的主題句。做題是切記一個原則“主旨相關性”。
外刊文章除了主題句之外，剩下段落居多是支持性細節，這些部分如果文章有細節題考到可以看，一般可以跳過，或者略讀。
支持性的細節一般都是一些詳細具體的細節內容，他們出現的唯一目的即是支持文章以及每個段落的主題。我們比較熟悉的細節的形式和特征主要包括：
1， 具體的數字、時間。
2， 直接引語和間接引語。作者為了證明某個觀點，經常會引用某些專家，學者，或者是名人的言論。
3， 舉例子。
4，并列平行結構。
所有的支持性細節一般不做重點閱讀，甚至在時間緊張的情況下，直接跳過閱讀。一旦發現支持性細節，應注意讀這些細節信息前后的抽象內容，通常就是文章或者段落的主旨，通常檢測的也即是這些細節說明的問題，也就是主題的內容。
需要補充的是，對于作者態度題，在歷年考題中統計，作者對于文章態度最可能是批評的或者是中立的，客觀全面的。換言之，選項中如果出現critical, objective, comprehensive, neutural之類的詞，則更有可能是答案。
練習：
高口
Questions 1-5When Harvey Ball took a black felt-tip pen to a piece of yellow paper in 1963, he never could have realized that he was drafting the face that would launch 50 million buttons and an eventual war over copyright. Mr. Ball, a commercial artist, was simply filling a request from Joy Young of the Worcester Mutual Insurance Company to create an image for their "smile campaign" to coach employees to be more congenial in their customer relations. It seems there was a hunger for a bright grin—the original order of 100 smiley-face buttons were snatched up and an order for 10,000 more was placed at once.
The Worcester Historical Museum takes this founding moment seriously. "Just as you'd want to know the biography of General Washington, we realized we didn't know the comprehensive history of the Smiley Face," says Bill Wallace, the executive director of the historical museum where the exhibit "Smiley—An American Icon" opens to the public Oct. 6 in Worcester, Mass.
Worcester, often referred to by neighboring Bostonians as "that manufacturing town off Route 90," lays claim to several other famous commercial firsts, the monkey wrench and shredded wheat among them. Smiley Face is a particularly warm spot in the city's history. Through a careful historical analysis, Mr. Wallace says that while the Smiley Face birthplace is undisputed, it took several phases of distribution before the distinctive rounded-tipped smile with one eye slightly larger than the other proliferated in the mainstream.
As the original buttons spread like drifting pollen with no copyright attached, a bank in Seattle next realized its commercial potential. Under the guidance of advertising executive David Stern, the University Federal Savings & Loan launched a very public marketing campaign in 1967 centered on the Smiley Face. It eventually distributed 150,000 buttons along with piggy banks and coin purses. Old photos of the bank show giant Smiley Face wallpaper.
By 1970, Murray and Bernard Spain, brothers who owned a card shop in Philadelphia, were affixing the yellow grin to everything from key chains to cookie jars along with "Have a happy day." "In the 1970s, there was a trend toward happiness," says Wallace. "We had assassinated a president, we were in a war with Vietnam, and people were looking for [tokens of] happiness. [The Spain brothers] ran with it."
The Smiley Face resurged in the 1990s. This time it was fanned by a legal dispute between Wal-Mart, who uses it to promote its low prices, and Franklin Loufrani, a Frenchman who owns a company called SmileyWorld. Mr. Loufrani says he created the Smiley Face and has trademarked it around the world. He has been distributing its image in 80 countries since 1971.
Loufrani's actions irked Ball, who felt that such a universal symbol should remain in the public domain in perpetuity. So in a pleasant proactive move, Ball declared in 1999 that the first Friday in October would be "World Smile Day" to promote general kindness and charity toward children in need. Ball died in 2001.
The Worcester exhibit opens on "World Smile Day", Oct. 6. It features a plethora of Smiley Face merchandise—from the original Ball buttons to plastic purses and a toilet seat—and contemporary interpretations by local artists. The exhibit is scheduled to run through Feb. 11.
1. According to the passage, the Worcester Historical Museum ______.
(A) concentrates on the collection of the most famous commercial firsts the city has invented
(B) has composed a comprehensive history of the Smiley Face through the exhibition
(C) treats Smiley Face as the other famous commercial firsts the city has produced
(D) has organized the exhibit to arouse the Americans' patriotism
2. When the author used the expression "spread like drifting pollen "(para.4) to describe the gradual distribution of Smiley Face, he implies that ________.
(A) Harvey Ball did not claim the copyright of the yellow grin button
(B) the Smiley Face was immediately accepted by the public
(C) the button was not sold as an ordinary commercial product
(D) Harvey Ball had the intention to abandon the copyright of Smiley Face
3. Why did Bill Wallace mention the assassination of the then American president and the Vietnam War in the 1970s?
(A) To have a review of the contemporary American history.
(B) To remind people that we should never forget the past.
(C) To explain why Americans liked the Smiley Face during that period.
(D) To show how the Spain brothers made a fortune through selling the yellow grin.
4. In the expression "Loufrani's actions irked Ball" (para.7), the word "irked" can best be replaced by ______.
(A) perplexed
(B) provoked
(C) irritated
(D) challenged
5. Which of the following is NOT true about the "World Smile Day"?
(A) It was established to commemorate the founder Harvey Ball.
(B) It was to promote general kindness and charity toward children in need.
(C) It was declared by Harvey Ball in 1999.
(D) It was decided to be held on the first Friday in October each year.
Questions 1-5【內容概要】
本文說的是笑臉大頭如何成為全球標志的。第一段簡單介紹笑臉大頭的由來及其發明者的背景。第二、三段談這個頭像在Worcester市歷史博物館里的禮遇。緊接著兩段談笑臉大頭遍布各地，成為人們向往開心與幸福的象征。90年代，大頭再度風靡，并有公司為之引發風波。文章最后談到“世界微笑節”的誕生。
【解析】
1. According to the passage, the Worcester Historical Museum ______.
【題型定位】 細節題，根據大寫專有名詞Worcester Historical Museum定位至原文第二段第1、2句。
【判斷依據】 根據第2句Just as you’d want to know the biography of General Washington…，你也會想了解 Smiley Face的歷史，而從隨后的we realize we didn’t know the comprehensive history of the Smiley Face可以看出，Worcester Historical Museum一定會編出一段關于Smiley Face的歷史來。因此，既然Worcester Historical Museum takes this founding moment seriously (第二段第1句)，推測一下答案，核對一下各選項，只有B項符合要求。A項出現絕對化詞語most，選擇時要特別小心；C項意群混亂，張冠李戴，對應文章第三段首句。該句說得是Worcester是other famous commercial firsts而非說Smiley Face; D項patriotism純屬無關內容。
2. When the author used the expression "spread like drifting pollen"(para.4) to describe the gradual distribution of Smiley Face, he implies that ________.
【題型定位】 釋義題，定位至題干中要求的定位點，即第四段第1句。
【判斷依據】 該句恰好是整段的中心句――銀行利用icon的普及大肆牟利。拍攝的銀行的舊照片里到處是Smiley Face的影子。由此可見，Smiley Face是很受歡迎的，因此B項符合題意。這里A項符合文章意思，但屬于事實，并不是作者imply的內容，不可選。
3. Why did Bill Wallace mention the assassination of the then American president and the Vietnam War in the 1970s?
【題型定位】 細節題，用大寫特殊名詞（Vietnam War）及年代（1970s）定位至第五段第2、3句。
【判斷依據】 一切的例子都是為了證明相鄰前句的觀點的。本題中，例子前句的主干――…there was a trend toward happiness，對應C項的內容。注意選項中不應該含有例子本身的內容，所以可以首先排除A項。
4. In the expression "Loufrani's actions irked Ball" (para.7), the word "irked" can best be replaced by ______.
【題型定位】 釋義題，定位至題干中要求的定位點，即第七段第1句。
【判斷依據】 由于詞匯題考查的是上下文的一致性和連貫性，所以必須察看該詞所在的上下文。Loufrani's actions就是上文中Mr. Loufrani says he created the Smiley Face and has trademarked it around the world. He has …since 1971.，而實際上Smiley Face是Harvey Ball發明的，同時，Ball本人felt that such a universal symbol should remain in the public domain in perpetuity。很明顯，Loufrani的行徑無疑是激怒了Ball了，所以答案應該為C項。
5. Which of the following is NOT true about the "World Smile Day"?
【題型定位】 判斷題，用題干中的大寫專有名詞World Smile Day定位原文至文章最后兩段。
【判斷依據】 文章最后兩段涉及“世界微笑節”的誕生，所以我們只需要關注這兩段。這個節日是發明者本人倡導的，不可能是倡導人自己紀念自己的，所以A項很容易被篩選出來。
【難點解析】
1. lay claim to：即claim, （根據權利）要求，主張。
2. spread like drifting pollen：主要指的是傳播得廣，如果用詞組spread like wildfire通常就是為了證明速度快。
【背景介紹】
帶有兩雙小眼睛的黃顏色的臉――“笑臉”是由美國人哈威•波爾氏在１９６３年底所設計和創作的�，F在，它被世界稱之為“自蒙娜麗莎以來的微笑”。在日本，“笑臉”被選為日本經濟再生的象征，并決定舉辦“微笑”的宣傳活動。為了跳出在日本持續了近１０年的經濟消沉，人們需要的是微笑。此活動由“微笑宣傳活動”本部主辦，并得到了“哈為•波爾世界微笑財團”日本支部的大力支持。
最近，波爾主要把自己的精力獻身于“世界微笑節”義務活動。此節日在每年的１０月份舉辦一次，目的是為了把“笑臉”作為世界和平的象征�！暗谝淮问澜缥⑿潯笔窃冢保梗梗鼓辏保霸�，伍斯特市舉行的。在當天的上、下議院的共同議會上正式宣布了哈威•波爾氏在１９６３年設計和創作了“笑臉”，并由下議院議員哈雷特頒發了“聲明書”。這表明哈威•波爾氏的設計和板權被公眾承認�！暗诙问澜缥⑿潯笔窃冢玻埃埃澳辏保霸拢度�，也是伍斯特市舉行的。
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