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I. Reading Comprehension

Section A

Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.

牛刀小試

    Since Alzheimer’s disease (阿爾茨海默病)and Parkinson’s disease (帕金森病) are common and many notable people have developed them, they have received more public attention.

Alzheimer’s Disease
Many people imagine that Alzheimer’s disease, the degenerative (退化的)　disorder that eventually leaves sufferers with total memory loss, is an inevitable result of aging. This is not so. While the risks of contracting the disease increase with age, there are many elderly people whose memories are perfect. Most of us are so ill-__51__ about all forms of memory loss that we label everything as “Alzheimer’s ”. Alzheimer’s disease itself can affect people as young as 30 and can progress either quickly or slowly. It can also __52__ the blame for other non-degenerative conditions such as deep depression. __53__, only an examination of the brain tissue during an autopsy (解剖) can produce an accurate __54__ of the disease.
 The causes of Alzheimer’s are unknown. They may be either __55__ or environmental. A study in 1996 of 13,000 people whose parents or siblings had the disease showed they had five times __56__ chance of passing away by the age of 80 than those with no family history of the problem.
 __57__, there are other factors. In a study of identical twins, it was found that only about half of the twin pairs developed Alzheimer’s and, when both twins __58__ it, they did so as much as 15 years apart. The possibility that environment plays a part was boosted by another 1996 study, this time of two groups of elderly Japanese men. One group lived in Hawaii, the other group in Japan. The Hawaiian group had a much higher incidence of the disease.
 Aluminum (鋁) has been blamed for the development of Alzheimer’s. This is because a high level aluminum has been found in the brains of sufferers. The disease was first diagnosed at the beginning of the 20th century. It was at this time that aluminum was becoming widely __59__ for use in cooking pots.
 Memory loss, __60__ in performing familiar tasks, and problems with abstract thinking are all indicators of the beginning of the disease. One unusual feature is its impact on language. It attacks nouns first, then verbs. Grammar is one of the last things to go.

Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive disorder of the central nervous system which __61__ more than one million Americans. Individuals with PD lack the substance dopamine (多巴胺), which is __62__ for the central nervous system’s control of muscle activity. Parkinson’s Disease is often characterized by shake, inflexibility in limbs and joints, speech disability and difficulty in __63__ physical movement. Late in the course of the disease, some patients develop dementia (癡呆癥) and eventually Alzheimer’s disease. __64__, some Alzheimer patients develop symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Medications such as levodopa (左多巴), which changes itself into dopamine once inside the brain, which prevents degeneration of dopamine-containing neurons (神經細胞), are used to improve diminished or __65__ motor symptoms in PD patients, but do not correct the mental changes that occur.

51. A. judged B. equipped C. informed D. advised

52. A. take B. put C. lay D. hold

53. A. On the other hand B. For example C. After all D. In the end

54. A. description B. demonstration C. diagnosis D. illustration

55. A. natural B. instinctual C. genetic D. internal

56. A. slighter B. fainter C. less D. more

57. A. Therefore B. However C. Instead D. Finally

58. A. came up with B. did away with C. went down with D. put up with

59. A. available B. valuable C. memorable D. inaccessible

60. A. complaint B. difficulty C. ease D. complexity

61. A. touch B. influence C. concern D. affect

62. A. important B. unimportant C. priceless D. worthless

63. A. stopping B. changing C. initiating D. controlling

64. A. Additionally B. Contrarily C. Consequently D. Particularly

65. A. treated B. showed C. released D. reduced

真相大白

名師把脈

步步為贏

51. informed。解析：盡管患阿爾茲海默癥的風險會隨著年齡增長而增加，但確實有不少老人的記性還是很好的。記憶喪失有多種形式，很多人并不知曉所有情況，才會把這種癥狀都貼上阿爾茲海默癥的標簽。inform是被告知的意思，老百姓不可能自然而然就知道這些，一般是通過獲取信息知曉的。

52. take。解析：take the blame for，承擔......的責任，這里是成為......的原因。

53. In the end。解析：上一句說阿爾茲海默癥會導致諸如極度精神抑郁這樣的非退化性疾病，所以后面指出要準確判斷病癥最終還是要通過腦組織解剖的檢驗（而非僅僅根據記憶退化這樣的外在表現來判斷）。

54. diagnosis。解析：原理同53，提出診斷該疾病的準確方法。

55. genetic。解析：這里需要在理解的基礎上判斷幾個選項。environmental是一種外在且具體的因素，表示諸如環境污染這樣的環境問題。后面的數據表明，父母或兄弟姐妹患了該病的話，本人所患幾率會更高，表明是內在的基因問題。

56. more。解析：同上，既然是基因問題，那么父母或兄弟姐妹患了該病的話，本人所患幾率會更高。

57. However。解析：前面說基因是一個原因，后面轉折，說明不止這一個，還有其他的因素會導致該疾病。

58. went down with。解析：go down with是被接受、染上疾病的意思。一般一對雙胞胎只有一個會患上該病，若兩個同時患病，也是會間隔15年之久。

59. available。解析：這段時間鋁被廣泛應用于烹飪鍋。available可得的，可見的。其它幾個選項詞義均不對。

60. difficulty。解析：并列連詞and連接前后結構對稱，difficulty對應problem

61. affect。解析：帕金森是中樞神經紊亂逐漸惡化的結果，影響了百萬計的美國人。influence和affect似乎都可以，但是運用于疾病影響人類，只能用affect。該題有難度，主要是和考生平時背單詞的方式有關，應多接觸原版英文詞典。

62. important。解析：多巴胺對中樞神經控制肌肉活動來說至關重要。

63. initiating。解析：因為不能控制肌肉活動，才會難以去發起身體運動。這題容易錯選controlling，而該疾病的病因是中樞神經問題導致不能控制肌肉，肌肉運動和機體運動是由小到大的概念，不能等同。

64. Contrarily。解析：在帕金森晚期，一些病人會由癡呆癥最終發展成阿爾茲海默癥，而阿爾茲海默癥會產生一些帕金森的癥狀（卻不會發展成帕金森），這是對兩個疾病之間關系的說明，前后是相反的關系。

65. reduced。解析：并列連詞or連接的兩個內容在含義上要么并列要么對立，選擇與diminished的替代詞。

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